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Many competing theories have been made to discover the possible connections between sleep and learning in humans. Research indicates that sleep does more than allow the brain to rest. It also aids in the consolidation of long-term memories. REM sleep and slow-wave sleep play different roles in memory consolidation. REM is associated with the consolidation of nondeclarative (implicit) memories. An example of a nondeclarative memory would be a task that we can do without consciously thinking about it, such as riding a bike. Slow-wave, or non-REM (NREM) sleep, is associated with the consolidation of declarative (explicit) memories. These are facts that need to be consciously remembered, such as dates for a history class. ==Increased learning== Popular sayings can reflect the notion that remolded memories produce new creative associations in the morning, and that performance often improves after a time-interval that includes sleep. Current studies demonstrate that a healthy sleep produces a significant learning-dependent performance boost.〔Role of Sleep in Learning, Memory, and Health, Maria Bagby, http://therapeuticliteracycenter.com/the-role-of-sleep-in-learning-memory-and-health/〕 The idea is that sleep helps the brain to edit its memory, looking for important patterns and extracting overarching rules which could be described as 'the gist', and integrating this with existing memory.〔http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n2/full/nn.3303.html〕 The 'synaptic scaling' hypothesis suggests that sleep plays an important role in regulating learning that has taken place while awake, enabling more efficient and effective storage in the brain, making better use of space and energy.〔http://www.smrv-journal.com/article/S1087-0792(05)00042-0/abstract〕 Healthy sleep must include the appropriate sequence and proportion of NREM and REM phases, which play different roles in the memory consolidation-optimization process. During a normal night of sleep, a person will alternate between periods of NREM and REM sleep. Each cycle is approximately 90 minutes long, containing a 20-30 minute bout of REM sleep.〔Carlson, N. R. (2010). Physiology of Behavior, 11th Edition. New York: Allyn & Bacon〕 NREM sleep consists of sleep stages 1–4, and is where movement can be observed. A person can still move their body when they are in NREM sleep. If you are observing someone sleeping and you see them turn, toss, or roll over, this indicates that they are in NREM sleep. REM sleep is characterized by the lack muscle activity. Physiological studies have shown that aside from the occasional twitch, a person actually becomes paralyzed during REM sleep.〔 In motor skill learning, an interval of sleep may be critical for the expression of performance gains; without sleep these gains will be delayed (Korman et al., 2003). Procedural memories are a form of nondeclarative memory, so they would most benefit from slow-wave, or NREM sleep.〔 In a study,〔Walker, M.P. (2009, October 5). *Sleep and Cognition II: Memory (Procedural ()). * Lecture given in Psychology 133 at the University of California, Berkeley, CA.〕 procedural memories have been shown to benefit from sleep (Walker et al., 2002, as cited in Walker, 2009). Subjects were tested using a tapping task, where they used their fingers to tap a specific sequence of numbers on a keyboard, and their performances were measured by accuracy and speed. This finger-tapping task was used to simulate learning a motor skill. The first group was tested, retested 12 hours later while awake, and finally tested another 12 hours later with sleep in between. The other group was tested, retested 12 hours later with sleep in between, and then retested 12 hours later while awake. The results showed that in both groups, there was only a slight improvement after a 12-hour wake session, but a significant increase in performance after each group slept. This study gives evidence that NREM sleep is a significant factor in consolidating motor skill procedural memories, therefore sleep deprivation can impair performance on a motor learning task. This memory decrement results specifically from the loss of stage 2, NREM sleep. Declarative memory has also been shown to benefit from sleep, but not in the same way as procedural memory. Declarative memories benefit from REM sleep.〔 A study〔Walker, M.P. (2009, October 7). *Sleep and Cognition III: Memory (Declarative ()). * Lecture given in Psychology 133 at the University of California, Berkeley, CA.〕 was conducted where the subjects learned word pairs, and the results showed that sleep not only prevents the decay of memory, but also actively fixates declarative memories (Payne et al., 2006〔Payne, J. D., Tucker, M. A., Ellenbogen, J. M., Wamsley, E. J., Walker, M. P., Schacter, D. L., & Stickgold, R. (2012). Memory for semantically related and unrelated declarative information:〕). Two of the groups learned word pairs, then either slept or stayed awake, and were tested again. The other two groups did the same thing, except they also learned interference pairs right before being retested to try to disrupt the previously learned word pairs. The results showed that sleep was of ''some'' help in retaining the word pair associations, while against the interference pair, sleep helped ''significantly''. After sleep, there is increased insight. This is because sleep helps people to reanalyze their memories. The same patterns of brain activity that occur during learning have been found to occur again during sleep, only faster. One way that sleep strengthens memories is by weeding out the less successful connections between neurons in the brain. This weeding out is essential to prevent overactivity. The brain compensates for strengthening some synapses (connections) between neurons, by weakening others. The weakening process occurs mostly during sleep. This weakening during sleep allows for strengthening of other connections while we are awake. Learning is the process of strengthening connections, therefore this process could be a major explanation for the benefits that sleep has on memory.〔Kalat, J.W. (2009). Biological Psychology, 10th Edition. California: Wadsworth〕 Research has shown that taking an afternoon nap increases learning capacity. A study (Mednick et al. 2009) tested two groups of subjects on a nondeclarative memory task. One group engaged in REM sleep, and one group did not (meaning that they engaged in NREM sleep). The investigators found that the subjects who engaged only in NREM sleep did not show much improvement. The subjects who engaged in REM sleep performed significantly better, indicating that REM sleep facilitated the consolidation of nondeclarative memories.〔 More recently Holtz et al. (2012) demonstrated that a procedural task was learned and retained better if it was encountered immediately before going to sleep, while a declarative task was learned better in the afternoon 〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「sleep and learning」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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